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.NET Compact Framework下的GPS NMEA data数据分析

作者:Jake.NET 出处:博客园 2010年01月28日 阅读:

提供GPS功能的Wince和Windows Mobile都需要一个GPS接收器(GPS Receiver)。GPS receiver就像一个收音机,他从太空中各个GPS卫星(Satellites)接收信号,通过自身的算法(一般在Firmware里面)计算出位置等信息,然后以NMEA data的格式输出。GPS receiver就是接收卫星信号转换成NMEA data的设备。

进行GPS的开发需要从GPS receiver取出NMEA data,分析出关心的数据。关心的数据包括经度(Longitude),维度(Latitude)和海拔(Altitude)等等。在Windows Mobile 5以上MS提供了GPS Intermediate Driver,开发人员不再需要自己分析NMEA data了。但是Wince5以及以下版本不提供GPS Intermediate Driver,还是需要自己分析NMEA data来取出关心的信息。本文讲述如何使用C#进行NMEA data的分析。第一眼看,分析NMEA有自己做轮子之嫌,其实了解NMEA的分析也是有好处的,由于各个生产GPS receiver的厂商在硬件工艺和算法的不一样,各个厂商都提供自己扩展的NMEA data,这些数据GPS Intermediate Driver是不支持的,需要自己分析。

NMEA 全称NMEA 0183,是电子与数据的通信规范,也就是协议。实现该协议的设备输出这种规范的数据,其他应用就可以基于这协议分析出相关的数据。NMEA开始用在航海设备上,现在广泛用在GPS设备上,这就是为什么NMEA的原始速度使用Knot(海里/小时)表示。下面是一段GPS NMEA data的范例

 

$GPRMC,000006,A,3754.6240,S,14509.7720,E,010.8,313.1,010108,011.8,E*6A
$GPGGA,
201033,3754.6240,S,14509.7720,E,1,05,1.7,91.1,M,-1.1,M,,*75
$GPGSA,A,
3,,05,10,,,,21,,29,30,,,2.9,1.7,1.3*32
$GPGSV,
3,3,12,29,74,163,41,30,53,337,40,31,09,266,00,37,00,000,00*78
$PGRME,
6.3,M,11.9,M,13.5,M*25
$PGRMB,
0.0,200,,,,K,,N,W*28
$PGRMM,WGS 
84*06

 

 

GPS NMEA data有以下特点:
* 每一条NMEA data的数据都是以dollar符号开头。
* 从第二个字符开始的前2个字符表示发送者(talker)和接着3个字符表示数据(message)。其中上面的talker中,GP表示通用的GPS NMEA data,而PG为特定厂商的NMEA data。
* 所有数据字段(data fields)都是使用逗号隔开(comma-delimited)。
* 最后一个数据段接着一个星号(asterisk)。
* 星号后面是两位数字的校正码(checksum),checksum的计算方法是或计算在 '$' 和 '*'之间的所有字符。
* 最后以回车换行(<CR><LF>)结尾。

有了上述规范,开发NMEA的分析器就变得十分简单,分析流程是:先接收一条NMEA语句(NMEA sentence),然后检查语句格式,检查checksum,然后再根据talker和message进行分发,使用不同的算法进行分析。下面为核心分析流程。

        public bool Parse(string sentence)
        {
            
string rawData = sentence;
            
try
            {
                
if (!IsValid(sentence))
                {
                    
return false;
                }

                sentence 
= sentence.Substring(1, sentence.IndexOf('*'- 1);
                
string[] Words = Getwords(sentence);
                
switch (Words[0])
                {
                    
case "GPRMC":
                        
return ParseGPRMC(Words);
                    
case "GPGGA":
                        
return ParseGPGGA(Words);
                    
case "GPGSA":
                        
return ParseGPGSA(Words);
                    
case "GPGSV":
                        
return ParseGPGSV(Words);
                    
default:
                        
return false;
                }
            }
            
catch (Exception e)
            {
                Console.WriteLine(e.Message 
+ rawData);
                
return false;
            }
        }

代码1
Parse为分析接口,所有从GPS Receiver接收到NMEA data全部调用这个接口进行分析。
IsValid检验该NMEA sentence是否有效。
Checksum进行Checksum运算,检验校验码是否有效。

接下来,讲述关键语句的分析。进行语句的分析,需要一个NMEA的规范手册,这个手册可以从GPS厂商下载,例如从Garmin下载 NMEA手册
在该手册的第24页可以看到GPRMC的协议定义。

图1
根据手册的规范定义,抽取想要的信息。如下代码:

        private bool ParseGPRMC(string[] Words)
        {
            
if (Words[1].Length > 0 & Words[9].Length > 0)
            {
                
int UtcHours = Convert.ToInt32(Words[1].Substring(02));
                
int UtcMinutes = Convert.ToInt32(Words[1].Substring(22));
                
int UtcSeconds = Convert.ToInt32(Words[1].Substring(42));
                
int UtcMilliseconds = 0;

                
// Extract milliseconds if it is available
                if (Words[1].Length > 7)
                {
                    UtcMilliseconds 
= Convert.ToInt32(Words[1].Substring(7));
                }

                
int UtcDay = Convert.ToInt32(Words[9].Substring(02));
                
int UtcMonth = Convert.ToInt32(Words[9].Substring(22));
                
// available for this century
                int UtcYear = Convert.ToInt32(Words[9].Substring(42)) + 2000;

                utcDateTime 
= new DateTime(UtcYear, UtcMonth, UtcDay, UtcHours, UtcMinutes, UtcSeconds, UtcMilliseconds);
            }

            fixStatus 
= (Words[2][0== 'A'? FixStatus.Obtained : FixStatus.Lost;

            
if (Words[3].Length > 0 & Words[4].Length == 1 & Words[5].Length > 0 & Words[6].Length == 1)
            {
                latitude.Hours 
= int.Parse(Words[3].Substring(02));
                latitude.Minutes 
= int.Parse(Words[3].Substring(22));
                latitude.Seconds 
= Math.Round(double.Parse(Words[3].Substring(54)) * 6 / 1000.03);
                
if ("S" == Words[4])
                {
                    latitude.Hours 
= -latitude.Hours;
                }

                longitude.Hours 
= int.Parse(Words[5].Substring(03));
                longitude.Minutes 
= int.Parse(Words[5].Substring(32));
                longitude.Seconds 
= Math.Round(double.Parse(Words[5].Substring(64)) * 6 / 1000.03);
                
if ("W" == Words[6])
                {
                    longitude.Hours 
= -longitude.Hours;
                }
            }

            
if (Words[8].Length > 0)
            {
                azimuth 
= decimal.Parse(Words[8], NmeaCultureInfo);
            }

            
if (Words[7].Length > 0)
            {
                velocity 
= decimal.Parse(Words[7], NmeaCultureInfo) * KMpHPerKnot;
            }
            
return true;
        }

代码2
从ParseGPRMC看,传递的参数是一个string的数组,分析要做的事情就是把数组的元素根据手册翻译成需要的信息,例如字段1为UTC的日期信息,字段9为UTC的时间信息。字段2为fix信息,就是GPS是否完成了初始化的信息。字段3,4为经度,字段5,6为维度。字段7为速度。字段8为角度。

        private bool ParseGPGGA(string[] Words)
        {
            
if (Words[6].Length > 0)
            {
                
switch (Convert.ToInt32(Words[6]))
                {
                    
case 0:
                        differentialGpsType 
= DifferentialGpsType.NotSet;
                        
break;
                    
case 1:
                        differentialGpsType 
= DifferentialGpsType.SPS;
                        
break;
                    
case 2:
                        differentialGpsType 
= DifferentialGpsType.DSPS;
                        
break;
                    
case 3:
                        differentialGpsType 
= DifferentialGpsType.PPS;
                        
break;
                    
case 4:
                        differentialGpsType 
= DifferentialGpsType.RTK;
                        
break;
                    
default:
                        differentialGpsType 
= DifferentialGpsType.NotSet;
                        
break;
                }
            }

            
if (Words[7].Length > 0)
            {
                satellitesInUsed 
= Convert.ToInt32(Words[7]);
            }

            
if (Words[8].Length > 0)
            {
                horizontalDilutionOfPrecision 
= Convert.ToDecimal(Words[8]);
            }

            
if (Words[9].Length > 0)
            {
                altitude 
= Convert.ToDecimal(Words[9]);
            }
            
return true;
        }

代码3
分析ParseGPGGA和分析ParseGPRMC一样,从数组抽取信息,字段6为fix类型,这个参数表示使用了那些辅佐卫星或者地面信号站来提高GPS的精度。SPS为普通类型,DSPS使用了DGPS 地面信号站fix,DSPS使用了WAAS位置卫星fix(只是用在美国),PPS使用了EGNOS位置卫星fix(只是用在欧洲),RTK使用了MSAS位置卫星fix(只是用在亚洲)。字段7为使用卫星的数量。字段8为水平精度。字段9为海拔。

        private bool ParseGPGSA(string[] Words)
        {
            
if (Words[1].Length > 0)
            {
                fixMode 
= Words[1][0== 'A' ? FixMode.Auto : FixMode.Manual;
            }

            
if (Words[2].Length > 0)
            {
                
switch (Convert.ToInt32(Words[2]))
                {
                    
case 1:
                        fixMethod 
= FixMethod.NotSet;
                        
break;
                    
case 2:
                        fixMethod 
= FixMethod.Fix2D;
                        
break;
                    
case 3:
                        fixMethod 
= FixMethod.Fix3D;
                        
break;
                    
default:
                        fixMethod 
= FixMethod.NotSet;
                        
break;
                }
            }

            
foreach (GpsSatellite s in satellites.Values)
            {
                s.InUsed 
= false;
            }
            satellitesInUsed 
= 0;
            
for (int i = 0; i < 12++i)
            {
                
string id = Words[3 + i];
                
if (id.Length > 0)
                {
                    
int nId = Convert.ToInt32(id);
                    
if (!satellites.ContainsKey(nId))
                    {
                        satellites[nId] 
= new GpsSatellite();
                        satellites[nId].PRC 
= nId;
                    }
                    satellites[nId].InUsed 
= true;
                    
++satellitesInUsed;
                }
            }

            
if (Words[15].Length > 0)
            {
                positionDilutionOfPrecision 
= Convert.ToDecimal(Words[15]);
            }

            
if (Words[16].Length > 0)
            {
                horizontalDilutionOfPrecision 
= Convert.ToDecimal(Words[16]);
            }

            
if (Words[17].Length > 0)
            {
                verticalDilutionOfPrecision 
= Convert.ToDecimal(Words[17]);
            }
            
return true;
        }

代码4
从ParseGPGSA看,字段1为fix的状态,手工fix或者自动fix。字段2为fix的方法,2D或者3D。字段3到14共12个字段分别为在使用卫星的信息。字段15为位置精度信息。字段16为水平精度信息。字段17为垂直精度信息。

        private bool ParseGPGSV(string[] Words)
        {
            
int messageNumber = 0;

            
if (Words[2].Length > 0)
            {
                messageNumber 
= Convert.ToInt32(Words[2]);
            }
            
if (Words[3].Length > 0)
            {
                satellitesInView 
= Convert.ToInt32(Words[3]);
            }

            
if (messageNumber == 0 || satellitesInView == 0)
            {
                
return false;
            }

            
for (int i = 1; i <= 4++i)
            {
                
if ((Words.Length - 1>= (i * 4 + 3))
                {
                    
int nId = 0;
                    
if (Words[i * 4].Length > 0)
                    {
                        
string id = Words[i * 4];
                        nId 
= Convert.ToInt32(id);
                        
if (!satellites.ContainsKey(nId))
                        {
                            satellites[nId] 
= new GpsSatellite();
                            satellites[nId].PRC 
= nId;
                        }
                        satellites[nId].InView 
= true;
                    }

                    
if (Words[i * 4 + 1].Length > 0)
                    {
                        satellites[nId].Elevation 
= Convert.ToInt32(Words[i * 4 + 1]);
                    }

                    
if (Words[i * 4 + 2].Length > 0)
                    {
                        satellites[nId].Azimuth 
= Convert.ToInt32(Words[i * 4 + 2]);
                    }

                    
if (Words[i * 4 + 3].Length > 0)
                    {
                        satellites[nId].SNR 
= Convert.ToInt32(Words[i * 4 + 3]);
                        satellites[nId].NotTracking 
= false;
                    }
                    
else
                    {
                        satellites[nId].NotTracking 
= true;
                    }
                }
            }
            
return true;
        }

代码5
从ParseGPGSA看,这个比较特别,他把在使用的卫星信息分开多条语句output。如下:

$GPGSV,3,1,12,03,43,246,46,06,57,263,52,09,10,090,00,14,29,357,41*71
$GPGSV,
3,2,12,15,12,140,00,16,10,307,00,18,59,140,00,19,20,224,00*75
$GPGSV,
3,3,12,21,48,089,00,22,69,265,36,24,09,076,00,34,00,000,00*76

字段1为一共分开多少条语句。字段2为当前语句的序号。字段3为在使用的卫星的数量。后面字段分别表示三个不同卫星的信息,取其中一个卫星来解释,字段4为卫星的ID,字段5为太空海拔,字段6为角度,字段7为信号强弱。

对于厂商的私有NMEA data也是同样的方法进行分析,根据文档的描述进行分析。下面为整个类的代码。

 


    public class NmeaParser
    {
        
public struct Coordinate
        {
            
public int Hours;
            
public int Minutes;
            
public double Seconds;
        }

        
public enum FixStatus
        {
            NotSet,
            Obtained, 
//A
            Lost //V
        }

        
public enum FixMode
        {
            Auto,   
//A
            Manual
        }

        
public enum FixMethod
        {
            NotSet,
            Fix2D,
            Fix3D
        }

        
public enum DifferentialGpsType
        {
            NotSet, 
            SPS,    
            DSPS,   
            PPS,    
            RTK     
        }

        
public class GpsSatellite
        {
            
public int PRC { getset; }
            
public int Elevation { getset; }
            
public int Azimuth { getset; }
            
public int SNR { getset; }
            
public bool InUsed { getset; }
            
public bool InView { getset; }
            
public bool NotTracking { getset; }
        }

        
private static readonly CultureInfo NmeaCultureInfo = new CultureInfo("en-US");
        
private static readonly decimal KMpHPerKnot = decimal.Parse("1.852", NmeaCultureInfo);

        
private Coordinate latitude;
        
private Coordinate longitude;
        
private decimal altitude = 0;

        
private DateTime utcDateTime;
        
private decimal velocity = 0;
        
private decimal azimuth = 0;

        
private FixStatus fixStatus;
        
private DifferentialGpsType differentialGpsType;
        
private FixMode fixMode;
        
private FixMethod fixMethod;

        
private int satellitesInView;
        
private int satellitesInUsed;
        
private readonly Dictionary<int, GpsSatellite> satellites;

        
private decimal horizontalDilutionOfPrecision = 50;
        
private decimal positionDilutionOfPrecision = 50;
        
private decimal verticalDilutionOfPrecision = 50;

        
public NmeaParser()
        {
            satellites 
= new Dictionary<int, GpsSatellite>();
        }

        
public bool Parse(string sentence)
        {
            
string rawData = sentence;
            
try
            {
                
if (!IsValid(sentence))
                {
                    
return false;
                }

                sentence 
= sentence.Substring(1, sentence.IndexOf('*'- 1);
                
string[] Words = Getwords(sentence);
                
switch (Words[0])
                {
                    
case "GPRMC":
                        
return ParseGPRMC(Words);
                    
case "GPGGA":
                        
return ParseGPGGA(Words);
                    
case "GPGSA":
                        
return ParseGPGSA(Words);
                    
case "GPGSV":
                        
return ParseGPGSV(Words);
                    
default:
                        
return false;
                }
            }
            
catch (Exception e)
            {
                Console.WriteLine(e.Message 
+ rawData);
                
return false;
            }
        }

        
private bool IsValid(string sentence)
        {
            
// GPS data can't be zero length
            if (sentence.Length == 0)
            {
                
return false;
            }

            
// first character must be a $
            if (sentence[0!= '$')
            {
                
return false;
            }

            
// GPS data can't be longer than 82 character
            if (sentence.Length > 82)
            {
                
return false;
            }

            
try
            {
                
string checksum = sentence.Substring(sentence.IndexOf('*'+ 1);
                
return Checksum(sentence, checksum);
            }
            
catch (Exception e)
            {
                Console.WriteLine(
"Checksum failure. " + e.Message);
                
return false;
            }
        }

        
private bool Checksum(string sentence, string checksumStr)
        {
            
int checksum = 0;
            
int length = sentence.IndexOf('*'- 1;
            
// go from first character upto last *
            for (int i = 1; i <= length; ++i)
            {
                checksum 
= checksum ^ Convert.ToByte(sentence[i]);
            }

            
return (checksum.ToString("X2"== checksumStr);
        }

        
// Divides a sentence into individual Words
        private static string[] Getwords(string sentence)
        {
            
return sentence.Split(',');
        }

        
private bool ParseGPRMC(string[] Words)
        {
            
if (Words[1].Length > 0 & Words[9].Length > 0)
            {
                
int UtcHours = Convert.ToInt32(Words[1].Substring(02));
                
int UtcMinutes = Convert.ToInt32(Words[1].Substring(22));
                
int UtcSeconds = Convert.ToInt32(Words[1].Substring(42));
                
int UtcMilliseconds = 0;

                
// Extract milliseconds if it is available
                if (Words[1].Length > 7)
                {
                    UtcMilliseconds 
= Convert.ToInt32(Words[1].Substring(7));
                }

                
int UtcDay = Convert.ToInt32(Words[9].Substring(02));
                
int UtcMonth = Convert.ToInt32(Words[9].Substring(22));
                
// available for this century
                int UtcYear = Convert.ToInt32(Words[9].Substring(42)) + 2000;

                utcDateTime 
= new DateTime(UtcYear, UtcMonth, UtcDay, UtcHours, UtcMinutes, UtcSeconds, UtcMilliseconds);
            }

            fixStatus 
= (Words[2][0== 'A'? FixStatus.Obtained : FixStatus.Lost;

            
if (Words[3].Length > 0 & Words[4].Length == 1 & Words[5].Length > 0 & Words[6].Length == 1)
            {
                latitude.Hours 
= int.Parse(Words[3].Substring(02));
                latitude.Minutes 
= int.Parse(Words[3].Substring(22));
                latitude.Seconds 
= Math.Round(double.Parse(Words[3].Substring(54)) * 6 / 1000.03);
                
if ("S" == Words[4])
                {
                    latitude.Hours 
= -latitude.Hours;
                }

                longitude.Hours 
= int.Parse(Words[5].Substring(03));
                longitude.Minutes 
= int.Parse(Words[5].Substring(32));
                longitude.Seconds 
= Math.Round(double.Parse(Words[5].Substring(64)) * 6 / 1000.03);
                
if ("W" == Words[6])
                {
                    longitude.Hours 
= -longitude.Hours;
                }
            }

            
if (Words[8].Length > 0)
            {
                azimuth 
= decimal.Parse(Words[8], NmeaCultureInfo);
            }

            
if (Words[7].Length > 0)
            {
                velocity 
= decimal.Parse(Words[7], NmeaCultureInfo) * KMpHPerKnot;
            }
            
return true;
        }

        
private bool ParseGPGGA(string[] Words)
        {
            
if (Words[6].Length > 0)
            {
                
switch (Convert.ToInt32(Words[6]))
                {
                    
case 0:
                        differentialGpsType 
= DifferentialGpsType.NotSet;
                        
break;
                    
case 1:
                        differentialGpsType 
= DifferentialGpsType.SPS;
                        
break;
                    
case 2:
                        differentialGpsType 
= DifferentialGpsType.DSPS;
                        
break;
                    
case 3:
                        differentialGpsType 
= DifferentialGpsType.PPS;
                        
break;
                    
case 4:
                        differentialGpsType 
= DifferentialGpsType.RTK;
                        
break;
                    
default:
                        differentialGpsType 
= DifferentialGpsType.NotSet;
                        
break;
                }
            }

            
if (Words[7].Length > 0)
            {
                satellitesInUsed 
= Convert.ToInt32(Words[7]);
            }

            
if (Words[8].Length > 0)
            {
                horizontalDilutionOfPrecision 
= Convert.ToDecimal(Words[8]);
            }

            
if (Words[9].Length > 0)
            {
                altitude 
= Convert.ToDecimal(Words[9]);
            }
            
return true;
        }

        
private bool ParseGPGSA(string[] Words)
        {
            
if (Words[1].Length > 0)
            {
                fixMode 
= Words[1][0== 'A' ? FixMode.Auto : FixMode.Manual;
            }

            
if (Words[2].Length > 0)
            {
                
switch (Convert.ToInt32(Words[2]))
                {
                    
case 1:
                        fixMethod 
= FixMethod.NotSet;
                        
break;
                    
case 2:
                        fixMethod 
= FixMethod.Fix2D;
                        
break;
                    
case 3:
                        fixMethod 
= FixMethod.Fix3D;
                        
break;
                    
default:
                        fixMethod 
= FixMethod.NotSet;
                        
break;
                }
            }

            
foreach (GpsSatellite s in satellites.Values)
            {
                s.InUsed 
= false;
            }
            satellitesInUsed 
= 0;
            
for (int i = 0; i < 12++i)
            {
                
string id = Words[3 + i];
                
if (id.Length > 0)
                {
                    
int nId = Convert.ToInt32(id);
                    
if (!satellites.ContainsKey(nId))
                    {
                        satellites[nId] 
= new GpsSatellite();
                        satellites[nId].PRC 
= nId;
                    }
                    satellites[nId].InUsed 
= true;
                    
++satellitesInUsed;
                }
            }

            
if (Words[15].Length > 0)
            {
                positionDilutionOfPrecision 
= Convert.ToDecimal(Words[15]);
            }

            
if (Words[16].Length > 0)
            {
                horizontalDilutionOfPrecision 
= Convert.ToDecimal(Words[16]);
            }

            
if (Words[17].Length > 0)
            {
                verticalDilutionOfPrecision 
= Convert.ToDecimal(Words[17]);
            }
            
return true;
        }

        
private bool ParseGPGSV(string[] Words)
        {
            
int messageNumber = 0;

            
if (Words[2].Length > 0)
            {
                messageNumber 
= Convert.ToInt32(Words[2]);
            }
            
if (Words[3].Length > 0)
            {
                satellitesInView 
= Convert.ToInt32(Words[3]);
            }

            
if (messageNumber == 0 || satellitesInView == 0)
            {
                
return false;
            }

            
for (int i = 1; i <= 4++i)
            {
                
if ((Words.Length - 1>= (i * 4 + 3))
                {
                    
int nId = 0;
                    
if (Words[i * 4].Length > 0)
                    {
                        
string id = Words[i * 4];
                        nId 
= Convert.ToInt32(id);
                        
if (!satellites.ContainsKey(nId))
                        {
                            satellites[nId] 
= new GpsSatellite();
                            satellites[nId].PRC 
= nId;
                        }
                        satellites[nId].InView 
= true;
                    }

                    
if (Words[i * 4 + 1].Length > 0)
                    {
                        satellites[nId].Elevation 
= Convert.ToInt32(Words[i * 4 + 1]);
                    }

                    
if (Words[i * 4 + 2].Length > 0)
                    {
                        satellites[nId].Azimuth 
= Convert.ToInt32(Words[i * 4 + 2]);
                    }

                    
if (Words[i * 4 + 3].Length > 0)
                    {
                        satellites[nId].SNR 
= Convert.ToInt32(Words[i * 4 + 3]);
                        satellites[nId].NotTracking 
= false;
                    }
                    
else
                    {
                        satellites[nId].NotTracking 
= true;
                    }
                }
            }
            
return true;
        }
    }

(本文由控件中国网转载)

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