由于工作需要，调研过一段时间的工业控制方面的 组态软件 （SCADA）的开发，组态软件常用于自动化工业控制领域，其中包括实时数据采集、数据储存、设备控制和数据展现等功能。其中工控组件的界面展现的实现类似于Windows系统下的各种开发控件，通过各种控件的组装，和硬件协议的集成，就可以实现对相应设备的控制和实时状态的显示。

每个对应的硬件UI展示都可以用一个自定义控件来实现，如下图的一个温度计，就可以使用UserControl来实现。

对应的实现代码如下：

using System;

using System.Collections.Generic;

using System.ComponentModel;

using System.Drawing;

using System.Data;

using System.Linq;

using System.Text;

using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace HMIControls

 public partial class ThermometerControl : UserControl

 /// summary 

 /// 初始化控件

 /// 预设绘图方式：双缓冲、支持透明背景色、自定义绘制

 /// /summary 

 public ThermometerControl()

 SetStyle(ControlStyles.AllPaintingInWmPaint, true);

 SetStyle(ControlStyles.OptimizedDoubleBuffer, true);

 SetStyle(ControlStyles.ResizeRedraw, true);

 SetStyle(ControlStyles.Selectable, true);

 SetStyle(ControlStyles.SupportsTransparentBackColor, true);

 SetStyle(ControlStyles.UserPaint, true);

 InitializeComponent();

 // 温度

 private float temperature = 0;

 [Category("温度"), Description("当前温度")]

 public float Temperature

 set { temperature = value; }

 get { return temperature; }

 // 最高温度

 private float highTemperature = 50;

 [Category("温度"), Description("最高温度")]

 public float HighTemperature

 set { highTemperature = value; }

 get { return highTemperature; }

 // 最低温度

 private float lowTemperature = -20;

 [Category("温度"), Description("最低温度")]

 public float LowTemperature

 set { lowTemperature = value; }

 get { return lowTemperature; }

 // 当前温度数值的字体

 private Font tempFont = new Font("宋体", 12);

 [Category("温度"), Description("当前温度数值的字体")]

 public Font TempFont

 set { tempFont = value; }

 get { return tempFont; }

 // 当前温度数值的颜色

 private Color tempColor = Color.Black;

 [Category("温度"), Description("当前温度数值的颜色")]

 public Color TempColor

 set { tempColor = value; }

 get { return tempColor; }

 // 大刻度线数量

 private int bigScale = 5;

 [Category("刻度"), Description("大刻度线数量")]

 public int BigScale

 set { bigScale = value; }

 get { return bigScale; }

 // 小刻度线数量

 private int smallScale = 5;

 [Category("刻度"), Description("小刻度线数量")]

 public int SmallScale

 set { smallScale = value; }

 get { return smallScale; }

 // 刻度字体

 private Font drawFont = new Font("Aril", 9);

 [Category("刻度"), Description("刻度数字的字体")]

 public Font DrawFont

 get { return drawFont; }

 set { drawFont = value; }

 // 字体颜色

 private Color drawColor = Color.Black;

 [Category("刻度"), Description("刻度数字的颜色")]

 public Color DrawColor

 set { drawColor = value; }

 get { return drawColor; }

 // 刻度盘最外圈线条的颜色

 private Color dialOutLineColor = Color.Gray;

 [Category("背景"), Description("刻度盘最外圈线条的颜色")]

 public Color DialOutLineColor

 set { dialOutLineColor = value; }

 get { return dialOutLineColor; }

 // 刻度盘背景颜色

 private Color dialBackColor = Color.Gray;

 [Category("背景"), Description("刻度盘背景颜色")]

 public Color DialBackColor

 set { dialBackColor = value; }

 get { return dialBackColor; }

 // 大刻度线颜色

 private Color bigScaleColor = Color.Black;

 [Category("刻度"), Description("大刻度线颜色")]

 public Color BigScaleColor

 set { bigScaleColor = value; }

 get { return bigScaleColor; }

 // 小刻度线颜色

 private Color smallScaleColor = Color.Black;

 [Category("刻度"), Description("小刻度线颜色")]

 public Color SmallScaleColor

 set { smallScaleColor = value; }

 get { return smallScaleColor; }

 // 温度柱背景颜色

 private Color mercuryBackColor = Color.LightGray;

 [Category("刻度"), Description("温度柱背景颜色")]

 public Color MercuryBackColor

 set { mercuryBackColor = value; }

 get { return mercuryBackColor; }

 // 温度柱颜色

 private Color mercuryColor = Color.Red;

 [Category("刻度"), Description("温度柱颜色")]

 public Color MercuryColor

 set { mercuryColor = value; }

 get { return mercuryColor; }

 /// summary 

 /// 变量

 /// /summary 

 private float X;

 private float Y;

 private float H;

 private Pen p, s_p;

 private Brush b;

 /// summary 

 /// 绘制温度计

 /// /summary 

 /// param name="sender" /param 

 /// param name="e" /param 

 private void ThermometerControl_Paint(object sender, PaintEventArgs e)

 // 温度值是否在温度表最大值和最小值范围内

 if (temperature highTemperature)

 //MessageBox.Show("温度值超出温度表范围,系统自动设置为默认值!");

 temperature = highTemperature;

 if (temperature lowTemperature)

 temperature = lowTemperature;

 e.Graphics.SmoothingMode = System.Drawing.Drawing2D.SmoothingMode.HighQuality;

 e.Graphics.TranslateTransform(2, 2);

 X = this.Width - 4;

 Y = this.Height - 4;

 // 绘制边框(最外边的框)

 p = new Pen(dialOutLineColor, 2);

 e.Graphics.DrawLine(p, 0, X / 2, 0, (Y - X / 2));

 e.Graphics.DrawLine(p, X, X / 2, X, (Y - X / 2));

 e.Graphics.DrawArc(p, 0, 0, X, X, 180, 180);

 e.Graphics.DrawArc(p, 0, (Y - X), X, X, 0, 180);

 // 绘制背景色

 X = X - 8;

 Y = Y - 8;

 b = new SolidBrush(dialBackColor);

 e.Graphics.TranslateTransform(4, 4);

 e.Graphics.FillRectangle(b, 0, X / 2, X, (Y - X));

 e.Graphics.FillEllipse(b, 0, 0, X, X);

 e.Graphics.FillEllipse(b, 0, (Y - X), X, X);

 // 绘制指示柱

 b = new SolidBrush(mercuryBackColor);

 e.Graphics.FillEllipse(b, X * 2 / 5, (X / 2 - X / 10), X / 5, X / 5);

 b = new SolidBrush(mercuryColor);

 e.Graphics.FillEllipse(b, X / 4, (Y - X * 9 / 16), X / 2, X / 2);

 e.Graphics.FillRectangle(b, X * 2 / 5, (X / 2 + 1), X / 5, (Y - X));

 // 在温度计底部,绘制当前温度数值

 b = new SolidBrush(tempColor);

 StringFormat format = new StringFormat();

 format.LineAlignment = StringAlignment.Center;

 format.Alignment = StringAlignment.Center;

 e.Graphics.DrawString((temperature.ToString() + "℃"), tempFont, b, X / 2, (Y - X / 4), format);

 // 绘制大刻度线,线宽为2

 // 绘制小刻度线,线宽为1

 // 绘制刻度数字,字体,字号,字的颜色在属性中可改

 p = new Pen(bigScaleColor, 2); // 设置大刻度线的颜色,线粗

 s_p = new Pen(smallScaleColor, 1); // 设置小刻度线的颜色,线粗

 SolidBrush drawBrush = new SolidBrush(drawColor); // 设置绘制数字的颜色

 format.Alignment = StringAlignment.Near; // 设置数字水平对齐为中间,垂直对其为左边

 // 计算要绘制数字的数值

 int interval = (int)(highTemperature - lowTemperature) / bigScale;

 int tempNum = (int)highTemperature;

 for (int i = 0; i = bigScale; i++)

 float b_s_y = X / 2 + i * ((Y - X - X / 2) / bigScale); // 绘制大刻度线的垂直位置

 e.Graphics.DrawLine(p, X / 5, b_s_y, (X * 2 / 5 - 2), b_s_y); // 绘制大刻度线

 e.Graphics.DrawString(tempNum.ToString(), drawFont, drawBrush, X * 3 / 5, b_s_y, format); // 绘制刻度数字

 tempNum -= interval; // 计算下一次要绘制的数值

 // 绘制小刻度线

 if (i bigScale)

 for (int j = 1; j smallScale; j++)

 float s_s_y = b_s_y + ((X / 2 + (i + 1) * ((Y - X - X / 2) / bigScale) - b_s_y) / smallScale) * j;

 e.Graphics.DrawLine(s_p, (X * 3 / 10), s_s_y, (X * 2 / 5 - 2), s_s_y);

 // 计算当前温度的位置 

 float L = Y - X * 3 / 2;

 H = L * (temperature - lowTemperature) / (highTemperature - lowTemperature);

 // 绘制当前温度的位置

 b = new SolidBrush(mercuryBackColor);

 e.Graphics.FillRectangle(b, X * 2 / 5, X / 2, X / 5, (L - H));

}

类似的一些实现，如下图：

对应一些动态线条的绘制，可以采用ZedGraph这个开源的控件来实现，如下图：

模拟的一些随时间变化的温度曲线图，一些参考代码如下：

using System;

using System.Collections.Generic;

using System.ComponentModel;

using System.Drawing;

using System.Data;

using System.Linq;

using System.Text;

using System.Windows.Forms;

using ZedGraph;

namespace HMIControls

 public partial class AirMachine : UserControl

 private bool isValveOn;

 private Timer timer;

 private double temperature;

 private Random random = new Random();

 private Point arrowLocation1;

 private Point arrowLocation2;

 private Point arrowLocation3;

 // Starting time in milliseconds

 int tickStart = 0;

 public AirMachine()

 InitializeComponent();

 InitUI();

 private void InitUI()

 isValveOn = false;

 this.labelTemperature.Text = "0";

 this.button1.Text = "开";

 this.button1.BackColor = Color.Snow;

 timer = new Timer();

 timer.Interval = 1000;

 timer.Tick += new EventHandler(timer_Tick);

 this.Load += new EventHandler(AirMachine_Load);

 this.labelArrow1.Visible = false;

 this.labelArrow2.Visible = false;

 this.labelArrow3.Visible = false;

 arrowLocation1 = this.labelArrow1.Location;

 arrowLocation2 = this.labelArrow2.Location;

 arrowLocation3 = this.labelArrow3.Location;

 this.button1.Click += new EventHandler(button1_Click);

 private void CreateGraph()

 zedGraphControl1.IsEnableZoom = false;

 zedGraphControl1.IsShowContextMenu = false;

 // Get a reference to the GraphPane

 GraphPane myPane = zedGraphControl1.GraphPane;

 // Set the titles

 myPane.Title.Text = "实时数据";

 myPane.YAxis.Title.Text = "数据";

 myPane.XAxis.Title.Text = "时间";

 // Change the color of the title

 myPane.Title.FontSpec.FontColor = Color.Green;

 myPane.XAxis.Title.FontSpec.FontColor = Color.Green;

 myPane.YAxis.Title.FontSpec.FontColor = Color.Green;


 // Save 1200 points. At 50 ms sample rate, this is one minute

 // The RollingPointPairList is an efficient storage class that always

 // keeps a rolling set of point data without needing to shift any data values

 RollingPointPairList list = new RollingPointPairList(1200);

 // Initially, a curve is added with no data points (list is empty)

 // Color is blue, and there will be no symbols

 LineItem myCurve = myPane.AddCurve("温度值", list, Color.Blue, SymbolType.None);

 // Fill the area under the curves

 myCurve.Line.Fill = new Fill(Color.White, Color.Blue, 45F);

 myCurve.Line.IsSmooth = true;

 myCurve.Line.SmoothTension = 0.5F;

 // Increase the symbol sizes, and fill them with solid white

 myCurve.Symbol.Size = 8.0F;

 myCurve.Symbol.Fill = new Fill(Color.Red);

 myCurve.Symbol.Type = SymbolType.Circle;

 // Just manually control the X axis range so it scrolls continuously

 // instead of discrete step-sized jumps

 myPane.XAxis.Scale.Min = 0;

 myPane.XAxis.Scale.Max = 100;

 myPane.XAxis.Scale.MinorStep = 1;

 myPane.XAxis.Scale.MajorStep = 5;

 // Add gridlines to the plot

 myPane.XAxis.MajorGrid.IsVisible = true;

 myPane.XAxis.MajorGrid.Color = Color.LightGray;

 myPane.YAxis.MajorGrid.IsVisible = true;

 myPane.YAxis.MajorGrid.Color = Color.LightGray;

 // Scale the axes

 zedGraphControl1.AxisChange();

 // Save the beginning time for reference

 tickStart = Environment.TickCount;

 void AirMachine_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

 CreateGraph();

 private void UpdateZedGraph(double yValue)

 // Make sure that the curvelist has at least one curve

 if (zedGraphControl1.GraphPane.CurveList.Count = 0)

 return;

 // Get the first CurveItem in the graph

 LineItem curve = zedGraphControl1.GraphPane.CurveList[0] as LineItem;

 if (curve == null)

 return;

 // Get the PointPairList

 IPointListEdit list = curve.Points as IPointListEdit;

 // If this is null, it means the reference at curve.Points does not

 // support IPointListEdit, so we won't be able to modify it

 if (list == null)

 return;

 // Time is measured in seconds

 double time = (Environment.TickCount - tickStart) / 1000.0;

 // 3 seconds per cycle

 //list.Add(time, Math.Sin(2.0 * Math.PI * time / 3.0));

 list.Add(time, yValue);

 // Keep the X scale at a rolling 30 second interval, with one

 // major step between the max X value and the end of the axis

 Scale xScale = zedGraphControl1.GraphPane.XAxis.Scale;

 if (time xScale.Max - xScale.MajorStep)

 xScale.Max = time + xScale.MajorStep;

 xScale.Min = xScale.Max - 100.0;

 // Make sure the Y axis is rescaled to accommodate actual data

 zedGraphControl1.AxisChange();

 // Force a redraw

 zedGraphControl1.Invalidate();

 private void UpdataArrowPosition()

 this.labelArrow1.Location = new Point(this.labelArrow1.Location.X + 30, this.labelArrow1.Location.Y);

 if (this.labelArrow1.Location.X = this.panelPic.Location.X + this.panelPic.Width)

 this.labelArrow1.Location = arrowLocation1;

 this.labelArrow2.Location = new Point(this.labelArrow2.Location.X + 30, this.labelArrow2.Location.Y);

 if (this.labelArrow2.Location.X = this.panelPic.Location.X + this.panelPic.Width)

 this.labelArrow2.Location = arrowLocation2;

 this.labelArrow3.Location = new Point(this.labelArrow3.Location.X + 30, this.labelArrow3.Location.Y);

 if (this.labelArrow3.Location.X = this.panelPic.Location.X + this.panelPic.Width)

 this.labelArrow3.Location = arrowLocation3;

 void timer_Tick(object sender, EventArgs e)

 temperature = random.NextDouble() * 100;

 this.labelTemperature.Text = Convert.ToInt32(temperature).ToString();

 UpdateZedGraph(temperature);

 UpdataArrowPosition();

 private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

 isValveOn = !isValveOn;

 if (isValveOn)

 timer.Start();

 this.button1.Text = "关";

 this.button1.BackColor = Color.LawnGreen;

 this.labelTemperature.BackColor = Color.LawnGreen;

 this.labelArrow1.Visible = isValveOn;

 this.labelArrow2.Visible = isValveOn;

 this.labelArrow3.Visible = isValveOn;

 else

 timer.Stop();

 this.button1.Text = "开";

 this.button1.BackColor = Color.Snow;

 this.labelTemperature.Text = "0";

 this.labelTemperature.BackColor = Color.Snow;

 this.labelArrow1.Visible = isValveOn;

 this.labelArrow2.Visible = isValveOn;

 this.labelArrow3.Visible = isValveOn;

}

整个组态软件的开发，从底层硬件相关的设备协议到上层的展现都是比较有难度的，特别是现在硬件协议不统一，业界没有统一的标准，虽然有OPC和BACnet等一些标准协议，但是在实际项目中，有很多的设备是没有实现OPC的，都是自己的私有协议，要基于这类的硬件做二次开发，需要向商家买协议，这也是成本的问题。

代码下载：http://download.csdn.net/detail/luxiaoxun/8256371

组态界面开发的一些参考资源：

http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/36116/Industrial-Controls

http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/17559/A-fast-and-performing-gauge

http://dashboarding.codeplex.com/